Let be a fixed positive real number not equal to 1. The base- exponential function is defined by .
Examples
Make a table of values for the function . Then sketch the graph.
Make a table of values for the function . Then sketch the graph.
Properties of the Exponential Functions
In general, the exponential functions have the following properties.
Continuous and increasing
One-to-one ( Graph passes the horizontal line test.)
Domain: , i.e., all real numbers
Range: , i.e., all positive real numbers
is a horizontal asymptote of the graph. In fact, as .
is the -intercept of the graph.
as
Continuous and decreasing
One-to-one ( Graph passes the horizontal line test.)
Domain: , i.e., all real numbers
Range: , i.e., all positive real numbers
is a horizontal asymptote of the graph. In fact, as .
is the -intercept of the graph.
as
Examples
Discuss the graph of .
Discuss the graph of .
Discuss the graph of .
Solving Elementary Exponential Equations
Equations involving exponential functions arise in many applications. Certain kinds of exponential equations, namely those involving exponentials of the same base, have a very simple solution method. The method is based on the fact that if and only if .
In order to use this idea to solve an exponential equation,
Rewrite the equation so that a single term is on each side.
Write each side in terms of the same base.
Write the new equation that says the exponents are equal.
Solve the new equation.
Examples
Solve
Solve
Solve
The Base- Exponential
The number is a special mathematical constant that arises in many places in mathematics. This number is defined by the following limit: as .
is an irrational number whose value is approximately .
is very often used as a base for an exponential function: . In fact, is usually called the "natural base".
Example
Discuss the graphs of and .
Applications - Population Growth
A very common population growth model is to assume that a population grows (or decays) according to a formula of the form , where , the initial population at time , and the base is a number the characterizes the rate of growth (or decay). (In fact, is the growth rate per unit time.)
Example
A biologist begins with 1000 bacteria, and the population doubles every hour. Find the formula of the form that describes the growth of the bacteria culture.
In an effort to control vegetation overgrowth, 100 rabbits are released into an isolated area that is free of predators. After one year, the rabbit population has increased to 500. Assuming exponential population growth, what will the population be after another 6 months?
VERY IMPORTANT IDEA: The model describes growth if , and it describes decay if .
Applications - Compound Interest
An investment of dollars at an annual interest rate of compounded times per year has an accumulated value after years of.
If the interest is compounded continuously, .
Example
Sandy invests $10,000 in an account that earns 4.5% compounded quarterly. What is the value of the investment after 3.5 years?
What if interest is compounded continuously?
Applications - Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay is modeled by a formula identical to that of exponential population growth, except that the base is between 0 and 1: , ,where is the initial amount of the radioactive substance.
The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the amount of time required for half of a given amount to decay. The half-life, , satisfies the equation .
If you know the half-life, this equation can be used to find the base .
Example
The half-life of Carbon-14 is 5728 years. Determine the base so that the formula models the decay.
Polonium-210 has a half-life of 140 days. A scientist has 25 grams of Polonium-210. How many grams will remain after one year?