Sketch the graphs of general sine and cosine functions.
Basic Graphs
Before we even start sketching the graphs of and , we should recall a few important ideas about these functions.
Domain: Each is defined for all real numbers, .
Range: Each has output values between -1 and 1, .
Periodic: Each is periodic with period . The graph repeats every units.
Symmetry: Each function exhibits a kind of symmetry that can be seen from the unit circle approach. In fact, (odd symmetry) and (even symmetry).
Points: A number of specific points on the graph of each function can be obtained from the unit circle.
The graph of is shown here.
The graph of is shown here.
More General Graphs
Look carefully for the key ideas that were outlined above. By thinking about how those ideas change under transformations, we can easily graph the general sine and cosine functions:
Examples
Sketch the graph of
Sketch the graph of
Sketch the graph of
Period, Amplitude, and Phase Shifts
The graphs of
and
have the following characteristics (assuming ):
Amplitude . The vertical distance from low point to high point is .
Period .
Phase shift . (Positive for right. Negative for left.)
The left and right endpoints of one period can be determined by solving and .
The highest point on the graph (max. value) has -coordinate , and the lowest point on the graph (min. value) has -coordinate .
As a general rule of thumb, we can sketch the graphs of more general sine and cosine functions by using this procedure:
On graph paper, sketch the graph of the corresponding basic function without axes.
Determine left and right endpoints of one period (or more).
Determine the coordinates of the 5 "basic" points.
Scale and draw the axes to satisfy the characteristics described above.
Redraw, if necessary, to make a cleaner graph.
Using graphing technology as a helpful tool.
It is often useful to write
or
Examples
Sketch the graph of .
Sketch the graph of .
Write an equation whose graph has the following characteristics: a cosine curve with period , amplitude 3, left phase shift , and vertical translation down 1 unit.